Trends in office internal gains and the impact on space heating and cooling demands

Internal gains from occupants, equipment and lighting contribute a significant proportion of the heat gains in an office space. Looking at trends in Generation-Y, it appears there are two diverging paths for future ICT demand: one where energy demand is carefully regulated and the other where productivity enhancers such as multiple monitors and media walls causes an explosion of energy demand within the space. These internal gains scenarios were simulated on a variety of different building archetypes to test their influence on the space heating and cooling demand. It was demonstrated that in offices with a high quality facade, internal gains are the dominant factor. As a case study, it was shown that natural ventilation is only possible when the ICT demand is carefully regulated

No Dose Response Effect of Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse on Cycling Time Trial Performance

The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of mouth rinsing carbohydrate at increasing concentrations on ~1 h cycle time trial performance. Eleven male cyclists completed three experimental trials, following an overnight fast. Cyclists performed a ~1 h time trial on a cycle ergometer, while rinsing their mouth for 5 s with either a 7% maltodextrin solution (CHO), 14% CHO or a taste-matched placebo (PLA) after every 12.5% of the set amount of work. Heart rate was recorded every 12.5% of the time trial, whilst RPE and GI comfort were determined every 25% of the time trial. The mouth rinse protocol influenced the time to complete the time trial (P<0.001), with cyclists completing the time trial faster during 7% CHO (57.3 ± 4.5 min; P=0.004) and 14% CHO (57.4 ± 4.1 min; P=0.007), compared to PLA (59.5 ± 4.9 min). There was no difference between the two carbohydrate trials (P=0.737). There was a main effect of time (P<0.001) for both heart rate and RPE, but no main effect of trial (P=0.107 and P=0.849, respectively). Scores for GI comfort ranged from 0-2 during trials, indicating very little GI discomfort during exercise. In conclusion, mouth rinsing and expectorating a 7% maltodextrin solution, for 5 s routinely during exercise was associated with improved cycle time trial performance approximately 1 h in duration. Increasing the carbohydrate concentration of the rinsed solution from 7% to 14% resulted in no further performance improvement

Day 1. Posters – Sport and Performance

Background: Exercise tests are one of the most commonly used tools within sports science research. Therefore, the reliability of such exercise tests is of critical importance when investigating the efficacy of nutritional, physiological, psychological or training interventions. Purpose: The aim of this experiment was to measure the reliability of a 20 km cycling time trial performance test when performed by mounting the cyclists own bicycle frame on an electronic turbo trainer. Methods: Twenty one male cyclists (age 35 ± 8 y, height 1.82 ± 0.05 m, body mass 80.7 ± 9.0 kg) completed the 20 km time trial on three separate occasions; the initial visit was a habituation trial and was followed by two main trials. All laboratory visits were conducted at the same time of day, following a 24h diet and activity standardisation period, and at least 2 h postprandial. The time trial was completed on a Cyclus2 (RBM Electronic, Germany) ergometer. The cyclists mounted their own bike frames on to the ergometer and the settings on the Cyclus2 were adjusted for each individual bike, ensuring an accurate measurement of distance and performance. During the exercise trial, participants were deprived of any performance information other than distance covered and gear selection; no encouragement was provided by experimenters. Results: There was no order effect of the trials, inclusive of the habituation trial (p = 0.901). There was no significant difference in the time taken to complete the 20 km between trials 1 and 2 (trial 1: 1969 ± 112 s; trial 2: 1975 ± 119 s; p = 0.222). The intra-class correlation between trial 1 and 2 was r = 0.99, with the coefficient of variation being 0.7%. Conclusions: The use of a 20 km cycling time trial, in which the cyclists bicycle frame is mounted on a cycle ergometer, is highly reproducible. Such a test can, therefore, be reliably used to detect changes in performance due to various interventions

Measuring implementation strength: lessons from the evaluation of public health strategies in low- and middle-income settings.

Evaluation of strategies to ensure evidence-based, low-cost interventions reach those in need is critical. One approach is to measure the strength, or intensity, with which packages of interventions are delivered, in order to explore the association between implementation strength and public health gains. A recent systematic review suggested methodological guidance was needed. We described the approaches used in three examples of measures of implementation strength in evaluation. These addressed important public health topics with a substantial disease burden in low-and middle-income countries; they involved large-scale implementation; and featured evaluation designs without comparison areas. Strengths and weaknesses of the approaches were discussed. In the evaluation of Ethiopia's Health Extension Programme, implementation strength scoring for each kebele (ward) was based on aggregated data from interviews with mothers of children aged 12-23 months, reflecting their reports of contact with four elements of the programme. An evaluation of the Avahan HIV prevention programme in India used the cumulative amount of Avahan funding per HIV-infected person spent each year in each district. In these cases, a single measure was developed and the association with hypothesised programme outcomes presented. In the evaluation of the Affordable Medicines Facility-malaria, several implementation strength measures were developed based on the duration of activity of the programme and the level of implementation of supporting interventions. Measuring the strength of programme implementation and assessing its association with outcomes is a promising approach to strengthen pragmatic impact evaluation. Five key aspects of developing an implementation strength measure are to: (a) develop a logic model; (b) identify aspects of implementation to be assessed; (c) design and implement data collection from a range of data sources; (d) decide whether and how to combine data into a single measure; and, (e) plan whether and how to use the measure(s) in outcome analysis

Effect of whey protein isolate on rehydration after exercise

Studies have examined adding protein to carbohydrate-electrolyte rehydration drinks, but the effects of protein in isolation remain unknown. Ten subjects completed two trials in which they were dehydrated (~2% of pre-exercise body mass) by intermittent cycling in the heat. Subjects then rehydrated (150% total mass loss) over 1 h with mineral water (W) or mineral water plus 20 g·L-1 whey protein isolate (WP) and remained in the laboratory for a further 4 h. Blood and urine samples were provided pre-exercise, post-exercise, post-rehydration and every hour thereafter. From blood samples, serum osmolality, change in plasma volume and plasma albumin content was determined, whilst the volume and osmolality of urine samples were determined. There was no difference between trials for total urine volume (W: 1234 (358) mL; WP: 1306 (268) mL; P=0.409), drink retention (W: 40 (14) %; WP: 37 (14) %; P=0.322) or net fluid balance (W: -605 (318) mL; WP: -660 (274) mL; P=0.792) 4 h post-rehdyration. Plasma volume was greater 3 and 4 h post-drinking during WP and plasma albumin content relative to pre-exercise was increased 1-4 h post-drinking in WP only. These results suggest addition of 20 g·L-1 whey protein isolate neither enhances nor inhibits post-exercise rehydration, when a volume equivalent to 150% of sweat losses is ingested in 1 h. As post-exercise nutritional requirements are multifactorial (rehydration, glycogen resynthesis, myofibrillar/ mitochondrial protein synthesis), these data demonstrate that when post-exercise protein intake might benefit recovery or adaptation, this can be achieved without compromising rehydration

Daily Behavior of Male and Female Nuri Talaud (Eos Histrio Talautensis, Muller Pls 1776) in Captivity

Nuri talaud or talaud parrot (Eos histrio talautensis, Muller PLS 1776) is included on the list of protected wild species. Conservation is an alternative way to save this species from extinction. This study aimed to determine the daily behavior of male and female talaud parrots (Eos histrio talautensis, Muller PLS 1776) in captivity. The variables observed included moving behavior, feeding, body care and rest. This study used a descriptive method with direct observations of individual bird behavior. Focal animal sampling was used as a method for recording behavior, which means observing one individual for a certain amount of frequency and recording all examples of behavior. Observations were made on 2 birds of male and female sexes. Every individual bird was observed every day from 6:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. The male and female talaud parrots showed differences in locomotive behavior, ingestive and body care and resting. The difference in the duration of behavior can be used as an indicator to determine the sex of talaud parrot for reproductive purposes

Autonomy support, basic need satisfaction and the optimal functioning of adult male and female sport participants: A test of basic needs theory

Grounded in Basic Needs Theory (BNT; Ryan and Deci, American Psychologist, 55, 68–78, 2000a), the present study aimed to: (a) test a theoretically-based model of coach autonomy support, motivational processes and well-/ill being among a sample of adult sport participants, (b) discern which basic psychological need(s) mediate the link between autonomy support and well-/ill-being, and (c) explore gender invariance in the hypothesized model. Five hundred and thirty nine participants (Male = 271;Female = 268; Mage = 22.75) completed a multi-section questionnaire tapping the targeted variables. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis revealed that coach autonomy support predicted participants’ basic need satisfaction for autonomy, competence and relatedness. In turn, basic need satisfaction predicted greater subjective vitality when engaged in sport. Participants with low levels of autonomy were more susceptible to feeling emotionally and physically exhausted from their sport investment. Autonomy and competence partially mediated the path from autonomy support to subjective vitality. Lastly, the results supported partial invariance of the model with respect to gender

The trauma film paradigm as an experimental psychopathology model of psychological trauma: intrusive memories and beyond

A better understanding of psychological trauma is fundamental to clinical psychology. Following traumatic event(s), a clinically significant number of people develop symptoms, including those of Acute Stress Disorder and/or Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. The trauma film paradigm offers an experimental psychopathology model to study both exposure and reactions to psychological trauma, including the hallmark symptom of intrusive memories. We reviewed 74 articles that have used this paradigm since the earliest review (Holmes & Bourne, 2008) until July 2014. Highlighting the different stages of trauma processing, i.e. pre-, peri- and post-trauma, the studies are divided according to manipulations before, during and after film viewing, for experimental as well as correlational designs. While the majority of studies focussed on the frequency of intrusive memories, other reactions to trauma were also modelled. We discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the trauma film paradigm as an experimental psychopathology model of trauma, consider ethical issues, and suggest future directions. By understanding the basic mechanisms underlying trauma symptom development, we can begin to translate findings from the laboratory to the clinic, test innovative science-driven interventions, and in the future reduce the debilitating effects of psychopathology following stressful and/or traumatic events

Flow through a circular tube with a permeable Navier slip boundary

For Newtonian fluid flow in a right circular tube, with a linear Navier slip boundary, we show that a second flow field arises which is different to conventional Poiseuille flow in the sense that the corresponding pressure is quadratic in its dependence on the length along the tube, rather than a linear dependence which applies for conventional Poiseuille flow. However, assuming that the quadratic pressure is determined, say from known experimental data, then the new solution only exists for a precisely prescribed permeability along the boundary. While this cannot occur for conventional pipe flow, for fluid flow through carbon nanotubes embedded in a porous matrix, it may well be an entirely realistic possibility, and could well explain some of the high flow rates which have been reported in the literature. Alternatively, if the radial boundary flow is prescribed, then the new flow field exists only for a given quadratic pressure. Our primary purpose here is to demonstrate the existence of a new pipe flow field for a permeable Navier slip boundary and to present a numerical solution and two approximate analytical solutions. The maximum flow rate possible for the new solution is precisely twice that for the conventional Poiseuille flow, which occurs for constant inward directed flow across the boundary

Who acquires infection from whom and how? Disentangling multi-host and multi-mode transmission dynamics in the 'elimination' era

Multi-host infectious agents challenge our abilities to understand, predict and manage disease dynamics. Within this, many infectious agents are also able to use, simultaneously or sequentially, multiple modes of transmission. Furthermore, the relative importance of different host species and modes can itself be dynamic, with potential for switches and shifts in host range and/ or transmission mode in response to changing selective pressures, such as those imposed by disease control interventions. The epidemiology of such multi-host, multi-mode infectious agents thereby can involve a multi-faceted community of definitive and intermediate/secondary hosts or vectors, often together with infectious stages in the environment, all of which may represent potential targets, as well as specific challenges, particularly where disease elimination is proposed. Here, we explore, focusing on examples fromboth human and animal pathogen systems, why and how we should aim to disentangle and quantify the relative importance of multi-host multi-mode infectious agent transmission dynamics under contrasting conditions, and ultimately, how this can be used to help achieve efficient and effective disease control. This article is part of the themed issue 'Opening the black box: re-examining the ecology and evolution of parasite transmission'